Panjab University’s pilot study found dangerously high lead and uranium levels in children’s blood/hair and in groundwater across Bathinda, Rupnagar, and Chandigarh.
State and UT human rights commissions called it a violation of Article 21, ordering toxicology units, chelation therapy, RO systems in schools, and industrial inspections.
The revelations sparked outrage, with activists, doctors, and parents demanding urgent action; governments pledged funds, while ICMR plans a wider epidemiological survey.
A groundbreaking pilot study has exposed a silent environmental catastrophe lurking beneath the surface of everyday life in Punjab and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. Researchers from Panjab University's Geo-Environmental Research Laboratory, in partnership with the Baba Farid NGO in Faridkot, have uncovered dangerously elevated levels of lead and uranium in the blood of children aged 5-15 and in local groundwater sources across Bathinda, Rupnagar (Ropar), and Chandigarh. The findings, released over the weekend, have sparked urgent calls for action, with human rights commissions labeling the contamination a "serious violation of the right to life" under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
The study analyzed 149 blood samples, 137 hair samples, and 37 groundwater samples collected from these regions, painting a grim picture of chronic heavy metal exposure. Lead, a potent neurotoxin known to impair cognitive development, cause behavioral issues, and damage kidneys in children, exceeded the World Health Organization's (WHO) safe limit of 3.5 micrograms per deciliter in 26.17% of blood samples (39 out of 149). Bathinda emerged as the epicenter of the crisis, with 32.62% of its 68 samples (22 children) showing unsafe levels, followed by Rupnagar at 19.35% (12 out of 62, averaging 6.4 µg/dL) and Chandigarh at 26.32% (5 out of 19, averaging 6.3 µg/dL).
Uranium contamination, often linked to geological formations and industrial pollution, proved even more pervasive in hair samples—a reliable biomarker for long-term exposure. An astonishing 79% of Chandigarh's 19 samples (15 children) surpassed the WHO threshold of 2 micrograms per gram, with levels peaking at 21.4 µg/g and averaging 7.4. In Rupnagar, 39% (24 out of 61) exceeded limits, including one extreme reading of 22.9 µg/g, while Bathinda saw 26% (15 out of 57) affected, with an average of 7.5 µg/g and a high of 218.7 µg/g. Groundwater tests were equally damning: All 19 samples from Bathinda breached both WHO and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) limits for uranium, with one in Rupnagar also violating thresholds. Five Rupnagar samples additionally tested positive for arsenic, compounding the toxic cocktail.
"This is not just a health issue; it's a human rights emergency," declared Justice Sant Parkash, chairperson of the Punjab State Human Rights Commission (PSHRC), during an emergency hearing on Sunday. The PSHRC, alongside the UT Chandigarh Human Rights Commission, has issued sweeping directives in response. These include the immediate establishment of dedicated toxicology departments in at least one major government hospital in Punjab and Chandigarh to provide chelation therapy—a treatment to remove heavy metals from the body. The commissions have also mandated reverse osmosis (RO) water purification systems in all schools, comprehensive health screenings for affected children, and free medical camps offering remedial interventions.
Further, the orders target potential pollution sources head-on. Urgent inspections of thermal power plants, cement factories, and other industrial units in Bathinda and Rupnagar are now compulsory, focusing on water leaching, fly ash management, and waste disposal practices. "Industrial effluents and agricultural runoff are likely culprits, leaching these toxins into aquifers that families rely on for drinking water," explained Dr. Kavita Sharma, lead researcher from Panjab University. The study attributes the contamination to a mix of natural geogenic factors—Punjab's alluvial plains are notorious for uranium hotspots in the Malwa region—and anthropogenic pressures like excessive fertilizer use and improper industrial waste handling. Bathinda, in particular, has long been flagged as a contamination hotspot in prior meta-analyses.
The revelations have ignited public fury and expert concern. Pediatricians warn that chronic lead exposure could stunt IQ by up to 7 points and heighten risks of anemia and hypertension, while uranium poses threats to kidneys and bones, potentially leading to renal failure over time. "These children are our future, yet they're drinking poison daily," said activist Ranjit Singh from Baba Farid NGO, who helped collect samples from vulnerable rural and peri-urban communities. Social media is ablaze with #ToxicPunjab, where parents share stories of unexplained developmental delays and fatigue in their kids.
Government responses are mobilizing. Punjab Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann announced Rs 50 crore for immediate remediation efforts, including groundwater monitoring stations and subsidized home RO filters for low-income households. Chandigarh Administrator Gulab Chand Kataria echoed this, pledging collaboration with the Central Pollution Control Board for a statewide audit. Nationally, the Ministry of Jal Shakti has taken note, promising to integrate the findings into its National Mission for Clean Ganga—though critics argue for a Punjab-specific aquifer revival plan.
Environmentalists like Vandana Shiva, founder of Navdanya, linked the crisis to broader agrarian distress: "Chemical farming has turned fertile Punjab into a toxic wasteland. We need organic regeneration now." Meanwhile, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) plans to expand the pilot into a full-scale epidemiological survey, targeting 5,000 children by year's end.
As families in Bathinda's dusty lanes and Rupnagar's green fields grapple with fear, the study serves as a wake-up call. Simple joys—like children playing barefoot or sipping from village handpumps—now carry hidden perils. With elections looming in 2027, this toxic inheritance could reshape political priorities. For now, the commissions demand a progress report in 30 days, ensuring accountability doesn't dissolve into rhetoric. In the shadow of the Sutlej, Punjab's heartland fights not just for clean water, but for unpoisoned tomorrows.
