The Goa Nightclub Fire: What Went Wrong & The Essential Safety Lessons For Crowded Spaces

The fire that tore through Birch by Romeo Lane, a restaurant-cum-nightclub in Goa, late Saturday night has left at least 25 people dead and several injured, marking one of the deadliest incidents in the state’s nightlife circuit in recent years. What initially appeared to be a gas cylinder explosion has since been ruled out by authorities, with investigations now pointing towards the use of indoor pyrotechnics, specifically cold pyro guns, during a dance performance as the trigger for the blaze.The incident occurred around 11:45 pm when the venue was reportedly packed with nearly 200 people. According to officials, sparks from the pyro guns reached the club’s ceiling constructed using bamboo, fibre sheets and palm-leaf materials. The venue, built largely with combustible décor, caught fire rapidly. Most victims are believed to have died due to suffocation rather than burns.Emergency response teams reached the site after significant delay, reportedly struggling to access the club as fire engines had to be parked several hundred metres away due to narrow approach roads. Rescue operations continued into the early hours of Sunday as authorities combed through the charred remains of the structure.Safety Norms ViolatedAs investigations progressed, serious regulatory lapses emerged. Reports indicate that Birch nightclub had no mandatory fire safety clearance and was operating without valid permissions. A demolition notice had reportedly been issued earlier by the local panchayat, citing illegal construction, but the establishment continued to function. Officials have confirmed that the structure violated basic building norms required for public assembly spaces.The nightclub’s internal layout further worsened the situation. Narrow exits, inadequate ventilation, and overcrowding during peak hours significantly limited evacuation options once the fire broke out. Survivors have since told investigators that it took nearly 45 minutes for emergency services to arrive, a delay that likely contributed to the high number of fatalities.Authorities have arrested multiple individuals in connection with the incident, and a wider probe into the functioning of similar nightlife venues across Goa is now underway. Attention has also turned to the increasing use of indoor pyrotechnics in enclosed hospitality spaces, often without professional supervision or regulatory oversight.Call For AccountabilityThe incident has drawn sharp criticism from South Goa MP Captain Viriato Fernandes, who described the tragedy as the result of systematic failure and non-compliance with existing safety laws.“Incidents like this happen when basic safety laws are ignored,” Fernandes said. “The nightclub reportedly had no fire clearance, no valid permissions, and was using extremely unsafe pyro guns in an enclosed space. All safety measures already exist in the rulebook, but they were simply not followed. When a fire breaks out, every minute matters, yet survivors say help took nearly 45 minutes to arrive. Narrow exits, poor ventilation, and combustible materials turned the venue into a death trap. This tragedy shows how urgently we need strict compliance, safety audits, and real accountability so that no lives are lost due to avoidable negligence.”Meanwhile, the management of Birch by Romeo Lane issued a public statement expressing deep grief and solidarity with the victims’ families. “The management is profoundly shaken by the tragic loss of lives resulting from the unfortunate incident,” said club owner Saurabh Luthra in a statement, adding that the team would extend full cooperation and support to those affected.As Goa grapples with the fallout, the spotlight has widened to include broader safety practices across the hospitality sector, particularly in venues that host large crowds in enclosed or semi-permanent structures.Why Fires Turn FatalTo understand why incidents such as the Birch nightclub fire continue to occur, we spoke to Dipen Mehta, National Secretary of the Fire and Security Association of India, who says the problem lies in how hospitality spaces are designed, built and operated.According to Mehta, a key issue is that most nightclubs are not planned as nightclubs from the outset. Instead, they are retrofitted into existing buildings or makeshift structures. India lacks clear regulations governing fire safety during retrofitting, which means safety considerations are often addressed only after construction is completed, if at all.Another major contributor is the extensive use of non-fire-rated interior materials. Acoustic panels, decorative fabrics, bamboo, tapestries and synthetic roofing elements used to enhance ambience significantly increase fire load. Once ignited, these materials accelerate the spread of flames and smoke, drastically reducing evacuation time.Mehta also highlights a widespread lack of awareness. While many venues install fire safety systems to meet licensing requirements, these systems are frequently not maintained. Alarms fail, extinguishers are expired, sprinklers are non-functional, and emergency lighting does not work when needed—rendering safety mechanisms ineffective in real emergencies.Essential Fire Safety Lessons For Public VenuesDesign Must Precede DécorMehta stresses that fire and life safety must be integrated at the design stage of any hospitality project. Compliance with national building codes, fire codes, and local bylaws should be non-negotiable. Fire exits, staircases, ventilation and suppression systems must be planned alongside architectural design, not added later for compliance on paper.Material Choice Determines Fire RiskInterior materials should be selected based on their fire-retardant properties and contribution to overall fire load. Highly combustible décor may enhance aesthetics but significantly compromises safety. Occupancy calculations must account for fire load and ensure enough safe evacuation time during emergencies.Evacuation Saves LivesIn crowded venues such as nightclubs, evacuation planning is critical. Safe passageways, clearly marked exits and adequate exit width are essential to prevent bottlenecks. The difference between available evacuation time and required evacuation time often determines survival, especially when smoke spreads faster than flames.Crowd Behaviour MattersMehta explains that fatalities in fires often occur due to stampedes and smoke inhalation rather than burns. Panic causes people to move unpredictably, increasing the risk of trampling. Staying low, moving away from rushing crowds, and protecting the airway are crucial survival strategies.Smoke Is The Biggest ThreatUsing a cloth or handkerchief—preferably damp—over the nose and mouth can significantly reduce smoke inhalation. Such simple measures can buy critical time during evacuation and are often overlooked due to lack of public awareness.Follow Signages, Not InstinctsDuring emergencies, illuminated exit signs and refuge area markings guide people to safer zones. In some cases, protected terraces or refuge areas provide immediate safety when exits are congested. Listening to trained staff and following fire safety signage is vital.Drills Can’t Be OptionalRegular safety audits and mock drills are essential to ensure preparedness. Mehta recommends annual fire safety audits and quarterly mock evacuation drills. While some states mandate these practices, many do not, leaving enforcement inconsistent. Regardless of regulations, such drills are critical for saving lives.The Birch nightclub fire has reignited urgent conversations about safety, enforcement and accountability within India’s hospitality industry. As investigations continue, the tragedy stands as a reminder that safety lapses—when ignored repeatedly—eventually leave consequences that cannot be undone.FAQs1. What caused the fire at the Goa nightclub?Investigators have ruled out an initial gas cylinder explosion and are examining the use of indoor pyrotechnics, including cold pyro guns, as the likely trigger for the fire.2. Why did the fire turn so deadly so quickly?The venue was overcrowded and built with combustible materials, had narrow exits and poor ventilation, which severely limited evacuation and allowed smoke to spread rapidly.3. Did the nightclub have proper safety permissions?Reports indicate the nightclub was operating without mandatory fire safety clearance and had violated basic building and licensing norms.4. Are cold pyro guns safe to use indoors?Cold pyro guns produce high-temperature sparks and must be used only in controlled environments. Experts recommend using them in open or fire-rated spaces away from flammable materials.5. What should guests do during a fire emergency in a crowded venue?Follow illuminated exit signage, avoid rushing with the crowd, stay low to reduce smoke exposure, and cover your nose and mouth with a cloth if possible.Goa Nightclub Fire: 25 Perish At Blaze At Birch By Romeo Lane; Several Injured