From Jerusalem To Kerala: The Arrival Of Judaism, Christianity & Islam In India

Kerala's coast has long been more than just a strip of sand meeting the sea. For over 2,000 years, it's been India's front porch to the world—welcoming not just spices and silk but stories, ideas, and faiths that shaped its culture. While tourists often come for the backwaters or hill stations, few realise Kerala is also where the Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—first arrived in India.I've wandered through many of India's sacred places—from Varanasi's ghats to Ladakh's monasteries—but nowhere does religious coexistence thrive quite like Kerala's coastal towns. Last month, I was in Mattancherry, Kochi, standing before the Paradesi Synagogue.Built in 1568, it's one of the oldest active synagogues in the Commonwealth, tucked quietly amid spice shops and winding alleys. The whitewashed building with blue trim quietly marks 2,000 years of Judaism in India.A Long Jewish LegacyAccording to tradition, Jews arrived on these shores during King Solomon's time, trading in peacocks and spices. Historical records suggest a Jewish presence as early as 70 CE, possibly even earlier, at the ancient port of Muziris. The Paradesi Synagogue's unique hand-painted tiles and centuries-old lamps speak of a long and peaceful legacy.But this is just one chapter. Kerala once had at least eight synagogues, each blending Jewish rituals with Kerala's local design. The Kadavumbhagam Synagogue in Ernakulam has a wooden ark facing Jerusalem, framed by ornate oil lamps. In Parur, a beautifully restored bimah (a raised platform in the synagogue) made of teakwood stands as testament to a once-thriving community. The crown jewel, however, might be the synagogue in Chendamangalam.Here, under Muziris Heritage Project (an initiative to revive the cultural and historical legacy of Muziris), old churches, mosques, palaces, and synagogues are being lovingly restored. Chendamangalam is extraordinary—it has the first Jewish synagogue, the first mosque outside Arabia, an ancient Syrian church, and a temple mentioned in Sangam literature—all within walking distance. This town is a map of how diverse faiths coexisted for centuries.Sadly, not all synagogues survived. The ancient Kochangadi Synagogue, built in 1344, was lost in the great Periyar flood of 1341. Yet, traces remain in local memory, architecture, and shared customs.Christianity Before EuropeA short drive away is Palayoor, home to one of India's oldest churches. Tradition holds that St. Thomas, one of Jesus' disciples, arrived here in 52 CE. He is said to have baptised early converts in a nearby pond, now flanked by a Hindu temple. This church—and others like it—reveal a fascinating fact: Christianity took root in Kerala long before it spread widely in Europe.For 1,500 years, Kerala's Christians evolved independently, with their own liturgy and links to Eastern churches. The Syrian Christian community here is among the oldest in the world. At Angamaly, the grand St. George Basilica, dating back to 450 CE, features apostles in dhotis and angels with Indian instruments in its murals. The Marthoma Shrine in Azhikode and the stone crosses in Pahlavi script prove the deep Persian connection.But everything changed with the arrival of the Portuguese in the late 15th century.Standing before the weathered walls of St. Francis Church in Fort Kochi—India's oldest European church built in 1503—I could feel the weight of a turbulent history. The Portuguese brought Catholicism and insisted on aligning Kerala's Christians with Rome. At the Synod of Diamper in 1599, Syrian Christian texts were burned, and local customs dismissed.What stands out most in Kerala isn't just the age of its sacred sites, but the way they've lived alongside one another for generationsThis sparked the historic "Koonan Kurishu Sathyam" (Bent Cross Oath) in 1653. At a small chapel in Mattancherry, I saw the leaning cross where thousands of Syrian Christians took a defiant vow to never bow to Portuguese authority. The revolt split Kerala's Christians—some retained their Eastern roots, others embraced Roman Catholicism. Today, both streams remain vital threads in Kerala's Christian tapestry.St. Andrew's Basilica in Arthunkal and the Santa Cruz Cathedral in Fort Kochi show the lasting Portuguese influence with their baroque and gothic styles. But inside, you can still see Kerala’s touch—in oil lamps, carved wood, and local icons. Churches like Our Lady of Hope on Vypin Island reflect this mix clearly. The outside looks Portuguese, but the inside feels like Kerala. This blend of European design and local tradition shows how two cultures came together. These churches are not just old buildings. They tell the story of how faith, art, and culture from different worlds met and lived side by side.Islam Arrives By SeaIslam, the third Abrahamic faith, arrived here not with conquest but with trade. In Kodungallur, as the call to prayer echoed at dusk, I stood before the Cheraman Juma Masjid—India's first mosque, built in 629 CE during Prophet Muhammad's lifetime. According to legend, the Chera King, Cheraman Perumal, dreamed of the moon splitting. Arab merchants explained it as a miracle of the Prophet. The king travelled to Arabia, embraced Islam, and sent followers back to build this mosque, supported by local rulers.Kerala's mosques tell a different story from those of northern India. They weren't grand stone domes but intimate wooden structures with sloping tiled roofs. In Ponnani—the "Mecca of Kerala Muslims"—the Juma Masjid served as a centre for Islamic learning. The woodwork inside was carved by artisans trained in temple construction, creating a unique architectural blend.At Odathil Palli in Thalassery, the mosque's foundation was laid by Hindu methods on land gifted by a local Nair family. The mosque's roof follows Kerala's nalukettu design (a traditional square house with four wings around a central courtyard). Its first imam was reportedly brought from Mecca at a Hindu king's request—a powerful image of harmony.In Kasaragod, the Malik Deenar Mosque, established in the 7th century, remains a symbol of Islam's peaceful arrival. Its wooden columns, built without nails, show how deeply Islamic architecture adapted to local traditions. The Mishkal Mosque in Kozhikode once rose seven stories high, built by an Arab merchant in the 14th century. Though damaged by Portuguese fire, its remaining structure still reflects Kerala's layered Muslim heritage.These mosques, churches, and synagogues weren't just places of worship. They were hubs of trade, learning, and cultural exchange. Their architecture reveals a Kerala where religious boundaries were fluid, not fixed. Synagogues used oil lamps like temples; churches had temple-style woodwork; mosques were built with Hindu craftsmanship.A Model Of CoexistenceWhat stands out most in Kerala isn't just the age of its sacred sites, but the way they've lived alongside one another for generations—borrowing, blending, and building together. The spice trade didn't just bring wealth; it wove a web of coexistence, where people of different faiths depended on, respected, and learned from each other.In a world increasingly divided, Kerala offers a living model of pluralism. Here, a Hindu raja could donate land for a mosque. Jewish merchants spoke Malayalam. Christian liturgy blended with local customs. This wasn't utopia—tensions existed—but the default was harmony, not hostility.Travellers who come only for Alleppey's houseboats or Munnar's tea gardens miss Kerala's greatest treasure: its living history of peaceful cohabitation. This slim coastal strip connected ancient Rome to China and Arabia to Southeast Asia long before modern borders existed. Its synagogues, churches, mosques, and temples are more than monuments—they are reminders that identity doesn't have to mean isolation. They offer a blueprint for how faiths can flourish together, each retaining its soul.In the end, the true miracle of Kerala isn't its beauty—it's its enduring belief in coexistence.Looking for more such exciting and meaningful stories? Grab our latest issue on Amazon Tracing The Path Of The Kaveri: A River That Defines Southern India