When 52-year-old Ramesh Kumar from Uttar Pradesh was diagnosed with lung cancer a year ago, the disease was not the only fear haunting his family. What worried them even more was whether they would be able to afford the treatment long enough to keep him alive. For thousands of Indian families, cancer treatment has always been not only a medical struggle but also a prolonged financial crisis that pushes households into debt and emotional distress.
Ramesh’s doctors recommended immunotherapy, a newer generation of cancer treatment that has transformed survival outcomes across several cancers globally. But the family was stunned when they learned that each treatment cycle could cost more than Rs 1 lakh.
“We were constantly calculating what to pay for first—medicines, rent, or school fees because we simply did not have enough money,” said his son, who works at a small private company in Delhi.
However, after their oncologist shifted him to a comparatively affordable therapy introduced through an Indian partnership with a Chinese biotech company, the per-cycle treatment cost reportedly reduced to nearly Rs 50,000–Rs 60,000, bringing the annual burden down substantially and allowing uninterrupted continuation of therapy.
“It came like a boon to us,” the family said, pointing out that the reduction has meant they no longer need to choose between stopping treatment and falling deeper into debt.
In fact, for thousands of families like Ramesh’s already burdened with repeated hospital visits, diagnostic tests, travel costs, and loss of income during prolonged illness, even a reduction of a few lakhs in annual treatment expenses can dramatically change their ability to continue therapy.
Doctors say this is precisely why the arrival of comparatively affordable cancer drugs from China is beginning to make a significant difference for many patients across India. Over the past few years, Indian pharmaceutical companies have entered licensing and marketing partnerships with Chinese biotechnology firms to introduce lower-cost immunotherapy and targeted therapies into the domestic market. Oncologists say these collaborations are gradually helping reduce treatment costs for patients who otherwise found advanced cancer care financially impossible.
Calculations show that advanced immunotherapy drugs imported from Western pharmaceutical companies often cost between Rs 1 lakh and Rs 2 lakh per vial. Annual treatment expenses for medicines such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab can exceed Rs 10 lakh, even after discounts or patient assistance programmes.
A study published in The Lancet reported that nearly 34% to 84% of Indian cancer patients experience catastrophic healthcare expenditure. Government support currently covers only a fraction of treatment costs, leaving families dependent largely on out-of-pocket spending.
Against this backdrop, the entry of cheaper Chinese-origin immunotherapy drugs is beginning to alter treatment accessibility in India.
Doctors say some therapies that earlier cost more than Rs 10 lakh annually are now becoming available for nearly Rs 3.5 lakh to Rs 4.5 lakh a year. In certain cases, treatment sessions are costing nearly Rs 50,000—still expensive, but considerably more manageable for many middle-class families than earlier pricing.
Dr. Adhip Arora, medical oncologist at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi, said, “China has emerged as a major player in cancer drug development, particularly in immunotherapy and targeted therapies, with several comparatively lower-cost agents now attracting global attention.”
For example, PD-1 inhibitors such as Sintilimab, Toripalimab, and Camrelizumab have demonstrated meaningful clinical activity across multiple tumour types and, in certain settings, are available at significantly lower prices than many Western counterparts, he said.
“Greater competition and improved affordability are ultimately positive developments for patients, especially in countries where access and cost remain major barriers to cancer care,” Dr. Arora added.
Doctors note that initial concerns regarding the quality or efficacy of Chinese-origin therapies are gradually reducing as more clinical evidence emerges and regulatory oversight remains stringent.
According to oncologists, many of these drugs undergo standard clinical evaluation and, in several cancers, have demonstrated outcomes comparable to established Western immunotherapy agents.
Dr. Abhijit Kotabagi, Senior Consultant in the Department of Surgical Oncology at Yatharth Hospital, Omega 1, Greater Noida, said affordability has become central to discussions around cancer treatment in India.
“The growing availability of lower-cost cancer therapies is a significant development in oncology, especially for countries like India where the burden of cancer continues to rise. Many patients often delay or discontinue treatment because of the high cost associated with advanced therapies such as immunotherapy and targeted drugs. If safe, effective, and clinically validated alternatives become more accessible, it can help bridge a major gap in cancer care,” he said.
At the same time, he stressed that affordability must go hand in hand with patient safety and scientific rigour.
“Every cancer drug, regardless of where it is manufactured, must undergo rigorous clinical evaluation, regulatory approval, and quality checks before becoming a part of standard treatment protocols. Cancer treatment is highly personalised, and the right therapy depends on the type, stage, and biology of the disease,” Dr. Kotabagi added.
Cancer specialists say the significance of these developments extends beyond cheaper imports. They believe the current moment also highlights the potential for India to strengthen its own affordable oncology innovation ecosystem.
Dr. Prashant Mehta, Senior Consultant in Haematology Oncology and BMT at Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Faridabad, felt that while therapies from China are helping cut down medical bill costs, India must continue investing in indigenous research and affordable treatment models as cancer incidence rises steadily.
He pointed to the success of ImmunoACT’s NexCAR19 CAR T-cell therapy, which was developed in India at a fraction of global prices. While CAR T-cell therapies globally may cost nearly USD 400,000, the Indian-developed version has been priced at nearly USD 35,000, demonstrating that advanced oncology innovation can emerge from India’s own scientific ecosystem, he, along with Dr. Karan Sood, also an oncologist from Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, said in a review published in the Indian Journal of Molecular and Immuno Oncology.
The review examines cancer care challenges in low- and middle-income countries, with the authors advocating an ethics-driven low-dose immunotherapy model designed specifically for resource-constrained settings.
The specialists highlighted how economic and structural barriers often prevent patients from accessing life-saving treatment despite medical advances.
They also noted that Indian institutions had already demonstrated promising outcomes through innovative low-dose protocols.
At Tata Memorial Hospital, researchers tested low-dose nivolumab protocols in advanced head-and-neck cancer patients and achieved encouraging survival outcomes while substantially lowering treatment costs through vial-sharing strategies.
Similarly, the PLANeT trial conducted at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences used pembrolizumab at one-tenth of conventional doses in triple-negative breast cancer patients and reported improved pathological complete response rates.
Vivek Sharma, social entrepreneur, philanthropist, and founder of Uhapo Health Services—a community that serves cancer patients and caregivers—said the arrival of lower-cost therapies could help reduce long-standing inequalities in access to treatment.
“Over the last two decades, access to cancer medicines and therapies in India has improved, but the gap remains painfully wide. The emergence of lower-cost Chinese oncology drugs may offer hope for many patients who are otherwise priced out of treatment,” he said.
“However, affordability alone cannot be the final answer. We need strong real-world evidence from Indian patients, transparent reporting of outcomes, and eventually, serious investment in manufacturing high-end cancer therapies within India,” he added.
For now, however, families like Ramesh Kumar’s are focused on one immediate relief—the possibility of continuing treatment without watching their finances collapse with every hospital visit.
“Cancer is already frightening enough,” his son said. “At least now the treatment feels a little more within reach.”
