Jihadi Cocktail

(To be read in continuation of my article of January 1, 2009, titled Terror 2008: Pakistan-Afghanistan,article dated January 15, 2009, titled Will Obama Help Us?and article dated January 28, 2009, titled The Invisible Hyphens)

Richard Holbrooke, President Barack Obama's special representative for Pakistan and Afghanistan, is scheduled to undertake his first visit to the region from February9, 2009, after attending a security conference at Munich. M.K.Narayanan, India's National Security Adviser, told Karan Thapar of the CNBC in an interview on February 2, 2009, that he would be meeting Holbrooke in Munich before he came to India. It is not known whether the expected meeting at Munich materialised and if so what transpired at the meeting.

A Reuters' despatch dated February 4,2009, from Washington quoted unnamed US officials as saying that in addition to Pakistan and Afghanistan, Holbrooke would also be visiting India to discuss Afghanistan with Indian officials. The Reuters' report said: "The officials, who spoke on condition that they not be named, stressed that Holbrooke was going to India to discuss Afghanistan and not to mediate the Kashmir dispute."

Holbrooke's first visit to the region as the Special Representative comes at a time when the new strategy of Obama with regard to the military operations against Al Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghan as well as Pakistani territory is still to take shape. Apart from the decisions to continue the Predator ( unmanned aircraft of the Central Intelligence Agency) air strikes against suspected Al Qaeda and Taliban targets in Pakistani territory and to send 30,000 more US troops to Afghanistan in the coming months, no other decision has so far been taken.

The grim situation faced by the US in this region from which the 9/11 terrorist strikes in the US homeland, the July,2005, terrorist strike in London and the July,2006, and the 26/11 (2008) terrorist strikes in Mumbai originated should be evident from the figures mentioned in a quarterly report submitted by the Pentagon to the US Congress on February 2,2009, reviewing the ground situation in Afghanistan. The highlights of the report are:

• "The spring and summer of 2008 saw the highest levels of violence in Afghanistan since the US invasion in 2001."
• "The Taliban regrouped after its fall from power and has coalesced into a resilient and evolving insurgency."
• Between January 1 and December 10, 2008, 132 US personnel in Afghanistan died as the result of hostile action, as against 82 in 2007.
• Attacks by the Taliban increased by a third.
• Attacks along the country's major highway increased by 37 per cent.
• "The security situation in Afghanistan has deteriorated in several areas of the country since the previous report" .
• The Taliban's surface-to-air fire increased by 67 per cent. Car bombs and attacks in Kabul have also increased.
• The Taliban is challenging the Kabul government for control of the south and east of the country, "and increasingly in the west."

According to an assessment prepared by the International Council on Security and Development of London in January,2009, the Taliban "now holds a permanent presence in 72 per cent of Afghanistan, up from 54 per cent a year ago." Writing in the issue (dated February9, 2009) of the Newsweek, Fareed Zakaria, its Editor, said: "In 2004, the US Air Force flew 86 strike sorties against targets in Afghanistan. By 2007, the number was up to 2,926—and that doesn't count rocket or cannon fire from helicopters."

US Predator strikes on targets in Pakistani territory increased from 10 in 2006 and 2007 combined to over 30 in 2008. The more the airstrikes--whether in Afghan or Pakistani territory-- the more the civilian casualties. The more the civilian casualties, the more the anger against the US. The more the anger against the US, the more the volunteers joining theTaliban-- the Afghan as well as the Pakistani-- and the more the instances of suicide terrorism--63 in Pakistan as against 56 in 2007 and over 100 in Afghanistan.

While exact figures of suicide terrorism during 2008 in Afghanistan are not yet available, exact figures for Pakistan are available from a report of the Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies (PIPS), extracts from which were published by theDaily Times of Lahore on January 21, 2009. To quote: 

"At least 2,267 people were killed and 4,558 injured in at least 2,148 terrorists attacks reported in 2008. At least 967 people were killed and 2,108 others injured in 63 suicide attacks in the country during the last year. The NWFP faced 32 suicide attacks in which 389 people were killed and 688 injured, Punjab was second with 10 suicide attacks that claimed more than 201 lives and injured 508. Sixteen suicide attacks were reported in FATA due to which 263 people died and 497 were injured. More than 112 people were killed and 321 injured in four suicide attacks in Islamabad while one suicide attack was reported in Balochistan in which two people were killed and 22 others injured. The report said 381 rocket attacks, 46 incidents of beheading, 112 remote controlled bomb attacks, 110 landmine explosions, 451 incidents of shooting and 373 blasts by improvised explosives were recorded during 2008. At least 4,113 suspected terrorists including 30 from Al Qaeda, 3,759 affiliated with Taliban and other such groups, and 354 Baloch insurgents were arrested during the year."

There were three major developments of concern to the international community during 2008. 

The first was the consolidation of the hold of the Tehrik-e-Nifaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM), now a wing of the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan ( TTP), in the Swat Valley of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). Its name means the Movement For the Enforcement of theIslamic Laws. The TNSM, which is led by Maulana Fazlullah, initially took to arms inAugust, 2007,against the Pakistan Army and the Frontier Corps, a para-military unit consisting of Pashtuns, in protest against the death of a large number of tribal children during the commando raid in the Lal Masjid of Islamabad in July,2007. While its anger over the Lal Maasjid raid has subsided, it has maintained its attacks on the Army and the FC in support of its demand for the introduction of the Islamic legal system in the Swat Valley. The TNSM, which now controls 80 per cent of the Swat Valley, has set up its own Islamic courts and banned education of girls beyond the fourth standard. Even though the Army went into action against the TNSM in October,2007, nearly 16 months after its operatins supported by helicopter gunships started, it has not been able to restore the writ of the State in the Valley, which is just 160 Kms from Islamabad.

Making a statement in the Senate, the upper House of the Pakistan Parliament, on January 29,2009, Rehman Malik, Adviser on Internal Security, claimed that five organisations were responsible for the trouble in the Swat Vally. These were the TTP, AlQaeda, Tanzeem-e-Islami, the Tora Bora Group and the Qari Mushtaq group.According to him, during 2008, about 1,200 civilians and 189 members of the security forces were killed, 123 government schools and 10 private schools were destroyed and many CD shops and barbers’ salons set ablaze. He said a so-called ‘Taliban court’ had ‘summoned’ 40 people for trial on variousoffences. There have also been reports that the Jaish-e-Mohammad (JEM) of Maulana Masood Azhar is now operating jointly with Al Qaeda and the TTP, but Rehman Malik did not mention this. Rashid Rauf, a British citizen of Mirpuri origin, who was related by marriage to Massood Azhar, was killed in a Predator strike on an Al Qaeda hide-out. The British suspected him of involvement in the August, 2006, plot to blow up a number of US-bound planes. According to an estimate of theDawn of Karachi (February 5, 2009), about 600,000 people have left the valley out of its total population of 1.5 million.

Writing in theNews of January 21, 2009, its correspondent Amir Mir quoted a spokesman of the Inter-Services Press Relations Department as saying that the Army has deployed four brigades in Swat. He also quoted a spokesman at the Swat Media Centre (SMC) as stating as follows: 

"Since Oct 2007, around 15,000 military and paramilitary troops had killed 784 militants in Swat, while the number of troops martyred during the same period stood at 189.Of the security forces people killed in the operation, 80 belonged to the Army, 61 were policemen, 35 staffers of the Frontier Constabulary while the remaining belonged to the Frontier Corps. The militants in Swat had carried out 165 bomb attacks against the security forces since 2007, which included 17 suicide and 148 remote-controlled attacks. The militants have destroyed 20 bridges, besides setting ablaze 165 girls schools, 80 video shops and 22 barber shops."

Amir Mir gave his own assessment of the situation as follows: 

"Around 10,000 TTP militants have been pitted against 15,000 Army troops since Oct 22, 2007, when the operation was officially launched. Leading the charge against the Pakistan Army is Maulana Fazlullah, also known as Mullah Radio for the illegal FM radio channel he operates. Through his FM broadcasts, still operational despite being banned by the NWFP government, the firebrand keeps inspiring his followers to implement Shariah, fight the Army and establish his authority in the area. Military authorities have repeatedly alleged that Fazlullah, who has thousands of armed supporters ready to challenge the security forces on his command, has close links with the Taliban and al-Qaeda operatives. The cleric has already become a household name in Swat, as his Shaheen Commando Force is destroying and occupying government buildings, blowing up police stations, bridges, basic health units and hotels and burning girls’ schools.Extending the sphere of their activities aimed at enforcing Shariah, Fazlullah’s acolytes have directed local prayer leaders only to focus on the attributes of Jihad in their Friday sermons. They have also banned female education in Swat, besides asking parents of grown-up girls to marry them to militants. He had issued an edict in Dec 2008 to close hundreds of schools by Jan 15. The Army is manning several police stations in Swat because the police force there had been decimated by desertions and killings. The state writ has shrunk from Swat’s 5,337 square kilometres to the limits of its regional Mingora headquarters, which is a city of just 36 square kilometres. Some recent media reports say nearly 800 policemen, half of the total sanctioned strength of police in Swat, have either deserted or proceeded on long leave on one pretext or the other. Therefore, the private army raised by Fazlullah literally rules the roost in most parts of the valley, which is witnessing a dominance of the Wahabidoctrine. The Wahabi followers of Fazlullah are making a state within a state in Swat, having already established their own administration on the pattern of the Saudi monarchs, besides creating a private army, equipped with the latest weapons and controlled by the militant leader’s trusted and loyal commanders . They have also established a parallel judicial system across the valley dealing with cases of different nature.'

Amir Mir gave the following background of Fazlullah:

"The rise of Maulana Fazlullah, the man ruling Swat, has been like a roller-coaster ride. Fazlullah, a resident of the Imam Dheri area, was born to Biladar Khan, a Pakhtun of Babakarkhel clan of the Yousufzai tribe of the district. Biladar Khan was highly inspired by the TNSM and thus became one of the right-hand men of Maulana Sufi Mohammad. Finding himself even more devoted to the enforcement of Shariah, the motto of the Tehrik-i-Nifaz-i-Shariat-i-Mohammadi (TNSM), he sent his son, the then Fazal Hayat, now Fazlullah, to his Madrassa at Qambar in Dir district. This long and equally close association between Sufi and Fazal eventually turned into matrimonial relationship when the young son of Biladar became the son-in-law of the TNSM chief. After Sufi Mohammad (who had actually formed the TNSM in 1992 after leaving the Jamaat-e-Islami) was awarded life imprisonment in 2002 by an anti-terrorism court on charges of inciting youngsters to illegally cross the Pak-Afghan border to wage a Jihad against the US-led Allied Forces in Afghanistan, Fazlullah made his native village Imam Dheri as TNSM headquarter and got it shifted from Qambar in Dir. Generally referred to as the Pakistani Taliban, primarily to distinguish itself from the Afghan Taliban led by Mullah Omar, the TNSM is a militant Wahabi organisation which has fast emerged in the Malakand division and in the Bajaur Agency as a private army to reckon with. As far as the TNSM organisational structure is concerned, Fazlullah is assisted by two Shuras, or councils. One is the Ulema Shura with several Swati clerics who advise him on religious policies of the group. Another Shura, which is also called the executive body, is the highest policy-making organ of the TNSM, which has a large number of ex-servicemen, including retired commissioned officers, as its members. Always wearing black turbans, the followers of Fazlullah are also called Black Turbans. He has never had his photograph taken, believing Islam forbids taking pictures of human beings lest it becomes the first step to idol worship. The essence of his agenda is in the motto: "Shariah ya Shahadat (Islamic laws or martyrdom)".

Explaining the impact of the commando raid in the Lal Masjid on the mind of Fazlullah, Amir Mir wrote: "During the July 2007 Lal Masjid operation against the fanatic Ghazi brothers, Fazlullah came into action against the government forces to avenge the military action. A large number of people armed with rifles, Kalashnikovs and small arms started gathering at his Madrassa as he announced it was time to go to war. His announcement that thousands of militants were ready to avenge the attack was followed by a series of suicide assaults on the security forces. As many students belonging to the Red Mosque-linked seminaries were from this area, the Army action generated a wave of sympathy for Fazlullah’s cause. Most of the anti-government rallies and demonstrations against the Lal Masjid operation were held in this region.Soon after the Lal Masjid operation, Fazlullah decided to join hands with the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan, led by Commander Baitullah Mehsud, in a bid to provide an umbrella to all insurgent movements operating in several tribal agencies and settled areas of the NWFP.
Since then, Fazlullah and his followers are toeing Baitullah’s line, whether they are issuing a decree, signing a peace deal with the government or scrapping the same. Therefore, it appears by all accounts that the Fazlullah-led militants are working in the same mould as the fire-spewing clerics of Lal Masjid did: to make Swat hostage to its rigid vision of militant Islam. And remember, the valley is hardly 160 kilometres from Islamabad."

The second development of concern has been the mushrooming of individual Islamic warlords, who have established control in different parts of the tribal belt and have been enforcing their own writ in support of some demand or the other. Thus, a group in the Khyber Agency has been repeatedly attacking NATO logistics convoys moving toAfghanistan from Karachi as they pass through the agency and disrupting logistics supplies. In response to this, the US-led forces have already started working out alternate routes for logistics supplies through Russia and the Central Asian Republics (CARs). Whether this would provide relief is uncertain because movement of convoys from the CARs to southern and eastern Afghanistan would be vulnerable to attacks by the Afghan Neo Taliban headed by Pakistan-based Mulla Mohamma Omar.

The third development of concern is the aggravation of the anti-Shia terrorism indulged in by the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LEJ). While the past attacks by the LEJ on Shias were caused by sectarian differences, allegations of co-operation of the Shias in the tribal belt with the Pakistan Army in its operations against the Sunni TTP became an additional cause for anti-Shia anger. Many Shias in the Pashtun belt have joined the anti-Taliban Lashkars (militias) set up by the Army. This has led to increased attacks on the Shias not only in the FATA and the NWFP, but also in Punjab and Balochistan. In the latest anti-Shia incident, more than 30 Shias were killed in an explosion in Dera Ghazi Khan in Punjab on February 5,2009.

While the Pakistan Army has been playing a more active role against the TTP in the Bajaur and Khyber Agencies and in the Swat Valley, it has been taking no action against Al Qaeda, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and the Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) in North Waziristan and against the TTP faction led by Baitullah Mehsud in South Waziristan. The only action against them has so far been from the US in the form of Predator strikes.

These gloomy figures should not obscure two positive developments.The first positive development has been that the US is no longer groping in the dark in its Predator operations in the FATA and once or twice in the NWFP. There is a greater flow of human intelligence after nearly seven years of practically nil intelligence. The flow is still inadequate, but much better than what it was till 2007. This would show that there are elements in the tribal belt,who are prepared to help the US forces provided their identity is protected and their personal security is guaranteed. The US anxiety to ensure this has come in the way of its sharing actionable intelligence with the Pakistani Army and Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) to guard against leaks. This trust deficit between the US intelligence and the ISI in matters relating to the sharing of intelligence has come in the way of joint operations. In an increasing number of instances, Al Qaeda and the TTP have been capturing and beheading suspected collaborators of the US. Despite this, the flow of intelligence has not stopped

My estimate is that only about one-third of the reports received by the US intelligence during 2008 proved to be correct resulting in successful Predator strikes. Even these limited successful strikes have dented the middle-level leadership of Al Qaeda operating from the Pakistani territory. Citing unidentified ISI officials and an unamed diplomat based in Islamabad, theNewsweek has reported that 11 of the top 20 "high-value targets" along the Afghan border have been eliminated in the past six months and that since September,2008, 140 pro-Islamist officers have been sent out of the ISI.