After a political vacuum of 22 days, King Gyanendra of Nepal has appointed a new PrimeMinister, Sher Bahadur Deuba, ending political uncertainty at the center. Despite Deuba's appointment,however, the country's rural hinterland remains outside the authority of the state apparatus and lacks thepresence of elected representatives to govern the areas.
In his first public statement, Prime Minister Deuba called on the Maoists to come to the negotiating table,but the latter are yet to respond to the invitation. The Maoists' response to Deuba's appointment as PrimeMinister, however, was far from encouraging, and Pushpa Kamal Dahal aka Prachanda, the leader of therebels, had denounced the King's move as a last ditch effort to save the feudalistic state. The Maoist leaderfurther urged all his cadres to continue their armed struggle.
The Maoists have already forced the nominated representatives on local bodies to vacate their posts, and havedemonstrated their strength by imposing blockades across large parts of the country, even as they roam freelyin and around the villages and conduct 'judicial trials' through their 'People's Courts'. From the hills andmountains of the North to the plains of southern Terai bordering India, the Government has already pulled outof police stations, forest offices and other local administrative units in the rural areas. The Maoists aredestroying the remaining administrative infrastructure, such as Village Development Committees (VDCs) and wardoffices. Most of the nominated members of these various bodies have resigned, leaving no administrativemachinery or control in the rural areas.
Following the resignation of Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa on May 7, the Maoists intensified theiractivities in the rural areas, increasing pressure for the resignation of nominated heads of VDCs and DistrictDevelopment Committee (DDC) chiefs, and routinely imposing long term blockades in various parts of thecountry, forcing farmers to destroy their vegetables, crops and milk produce, as they are not allowed to movetheir goods to the market. After evicting the elected representatives from villages, the Maoists have nowstarted to infiltrate the education sector, abducting more than 5,000 teachers and thousands of students. Theschoolteachers are being abducted en masse in order to retrain them in the Maoists' 'People's EducationSystem'. According to the Nepal Teachers' Association, the abducted teachers were taken to so-called teachers'training centers. In absence of VDCs and police stations, the schoolteachers are the only Government employeeswith a presence in the rural hinterland.
Moreover, in just the past month alone, between May 7 and June 4, the Maoists called general strikes on sevendays, including five days of a countrywide blockade.
After Thapa was appointed as Prime Minister in July last year, he had nominated mayors, deputy mayors, andmembers of VDCs. Out of 3,900 VDCs, the Government nominated members in 850 VDCs. The government alsonominated members in more than 50 of the 75 DDCs. These steps filled a nearly year-long political vacuum inthe villages. The Government also sent mobile administrative units around the country to provide basicadministrative and health services.
The local bodies - the face of the Government for the population in rural areas - had remained without electedheads after the then-Government allowed the tenure of earlier elected local bodies to expire in July 16, 2002,without conducting elections. The result was that 213,922 elected representatives, including ward members,were discharged. According to the Local Self-Governance Act (LSGA), 1998, each VDC consists of nine wards andeach ward has a chairman and four members, including one woman. Like village wards, there are city wards inmunicipalities. From July 2002 to August 2003, the local bodies were under the control of civil servants whohad little knowledge about the rural areas.
Having forced most political activists out of the villages, the Maoists had turned their attention to thenominated heads of local bodies ever since they took office. They issued many threats and even killed some ofthem, provoking a spate of resignations, which have hit the people the hardest. The Maoists killed theChairman of Rasuwa DDC, 80 kilometers south of the capital, Kathmandu, last month; the Mayor of the BirgunjMunicipality, which boders Raxual in the Eastern Indian State of Bihar; and shot the Mayor of Butwal, whichborders Nautanuwa in Indian State of Uttar Pradesh.
The Maoists have also compelled western donor countries to suspend their projects in many rural areas of thefar western region. Local Maoists recently issued orders to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) andInternational non-governmental organizations (INGOs) working in the areas to register themselves with theMaoist 'authorities'. The intention is clearly to increase the sphere of Maoist influence in the rural areasand to assert their authority. The Maoists have already set up 'Village People's Governments', 'DistrictPeople's Governments' and 'Regional Autonomous Bodies'.
The Maoists have also demanded a role in defining the way resources are spent in programs sponsored bydifferent donor countries. The growing pressure has compelled some donors to suspend their programs. Just amonth ago, Germany's Technical Cooperation (GTZ), the Department of International Development (DFID) andNetherlands' Development Organization (SNV-Nepal) temporarily suspended their development activities in fivedistricts of the far western region. As a result of the decision, more than 55,000 poor Nepalese living in theconflict zones are immediately affected. Many INGOs, such as Save the Children USA, the Lutheran World Serviceand others, have already pulled out from the far-western districts.
According to the National Planning Commission, the far western region of Nepal has the largest proportion ofthe population living below the poverty line, as compared to other regions. With the national average of 40per cent of the population living below the poverty line, the four districts of Kailali, Kanchanpur, Achhamand Dadeldhura in the far western region have the highest concentration of poverty. The report indicates that72 per cent of the population in the hills and mountains of this region live below the poverty line - thehighest among Nepal's five geographical zones.
In a situation where Maoists continue to destroy the last vestiges of central authority in the rural areas,the Government appears to be losing its grip completely. According to the World Bank's Nepal CountryAssistance Strategy, 2004-2007, the insurgency has increasingly challenged the fragile economy - the costshave been estimated at 8-10 per cent of GDP, including:
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- damage to infrastructure, e.g., over one-third of the 3,900 VDC buildings have been destroyed;
- lost economic activity due to Bandhs - i.e. strikes - that have been taking place with greater frequencyand often lasting 2-3 days; and
- a generally low level of economic activity caused by decreased business confidence and low tourism.
Furthermore, there has been a large direct impact on the livelihood of millions ofprimarily rural-based individuals, among whom killings, extortion, confiscation of goods and properties,forced recruitment, and infrastructure destruction, have created terror and resulted in migration, decreasedagricultural production and declining living standards. It is estimated that more than 300,000 people havemigrated to the Kathmandu valley in the recent past.
The costs of repeated economic blockades have also been very high and the farmers have been loosing millionsof dollars in market sales. According to the Government's assessment, any impact on the agricultural sector islikely to trigger widespread alarm, since 76 per cent of the total population (23 million) are engaged in thissector in Nepal. Agriculture accounts for 40 per cent of total GDP. For 90 per cent of the poor, i.e.households in the bottom 25 per cent of the consumption scale, agriculture is the only income generatingactivity. Maoist moves to derail the agricultural sector could have a crippling impact on the nationaleconomy. Dr. Shankar Sharma, vice chairman of the National Planning Commission, notes that, "The economicblockade by the Maoists will have a long term impact on the Nepalese economy. Farmers have already sufferedhuge loss in the last two months frequent blockade. It will affect the annual GDP."
According to the Human Rights Year book 2004 published by the Informal Sector Service Center (INSEC), a humanrights organization, farmers ranked third on the list of victims killed during conflict, after politicalworkers and police personnel. In the year 2003, the report states, 139 agricultural workers were killed by theMaoists, and another 153 by Government Forces.
The casualties of the current conflict have risen into the thousands, and it has pushed the economy intorecession. With a continuous erosion of the authority of the government over large parts of the country -virtually the entire rural hinterland - there appears to be little hope of relief for the people of Nepal inthe foreseeable future.
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Keshab Poudel is Managing Editor, Spotlight, Kathmandu. Courtesy, the South AsiaIntelligence Review of the South Asia Terrorism Portal
