Already in the 60s, student revolt had escalated against the established order—against war as well as profiteering from it—against restrictions on speech as well as political activity on the campus. Suddenly students developed a perspective from which they were able to view actions of politicians as well as their elders. They took to the streets in France, the USA, Italy, in other parts of Europe, even in Japan. The anti-war movements led to wider protests, which were part of an emerging ‘New Left’ movement, one that argued against capitalism, as well as entrenched communism and sought a new direction to politics—one that was geared towards social justice, a more egalitarian society, and which also took the issue of racial discrimination head on. Often protests turned violent—in particular in Japan, and also in some places in Paris, from where students had to be removed from streets and campuses, with brute force.