Suddenly, the government of the United States has discovered the virtues of international law. It may bewaging an illegal war against a sovereign state; it may be seeking to destroy every treaty which impedes itsattempts to run the world, but when five of its captured soldiers were paraded in front of the Iraqitelevision cameras on Sunday, Donald Rumsfeld, the US defence secretary, immediately complained that "itis against the Geneva Convention to show photographs of prisoners of war in a manner that is humiliating forthem."1
He is, of course, quite right. Article 13 of the third convention, concerning the treatment of prisoners,insists that they "must at all times be protected ... against insults and public curiosity."2This may number among the less heinous of the possible infringements of the laws of war, but the conventions,ratified by Iraq in 1956, are non-negotiable. If you break them, you should expect to be prosecuted for warcrimes.
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This being so, Rumsfeld had better watch his back. For this enthusiastic convert to the cause of legalwarfare is, as head of the defense department, responsible for a series of crimes sufficient, were he ever tobe tried, to put him away for the rest of his natural life.
His prison camp in Guantanamo Bay, in Cuba, where 641 men (nine of whom are British citizens) are held,breaches no fewer than 15 articles of the third convention. The US government broke the first of these(article 13) as soon as the prisoners arrived, by displaying them, just as the Iraqis have done, ontelevision. In this case, however, they were not encouraged to address the cameras. They were kneeling on theground, hands tied behind their backs, wearing blacked-out goggles and ear phones. In breach of article 18,they had been stripped of their own clothes and deprived of their possessions. They were then interned in apenitentiary (against article 22), where they were denied proper mess facilities (26), canteens (28),religious premises (34), opportunities for physical exercise (38), access to the text of the convention (41),freedom to write to their families (70 and 71) and parcels of food and books (72).3
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They were not "released and repatriated without delay after the cessation of active hostilities"(118), because, the US authorities say, their interrogation might, one day, reveal interesting informationabout Al Qaeda. Article 17 rules that captives are obliged to give only their name, rank, number and date ofbirth. No "coercion may be inflicted on prisoners of war to secure from them information of any kindwhatever." In the hope of breaking them, however, the authorities have confined them to solitary cellsand subjected them to what is now known as "torture lite": sleep deprivation and constant exposureto bright light.4 Unsurprisingly, several of the prisoners have sought to kill themselves, bysmashing their heads against the walls or trying to slash their wrists with plastic cutlery.5
The US government claims that these men are not subject to the Geneva Conventions, as they are not"prisoners of war", but "unlawful combatants". The same claim could be made, with rathermore justice, by the Iraqis holding the US soldiers who illegally invaded their country. But thisre-definition is itself a breach of article 4 of the third convention, under which people detained assuspected members of a militia (the Taliban) or a volunteer corps (Al Qaeda) must be regarded as prisoners ofwar.
Even if there is doubt about how such people should be classified, article 5 insists that they "shallenjoy the protection of the present Convention until such time as their status has been determined by acompetent tribunal."6 But when, earlier this month, lawyers representing sixteen of themdemanded a court hearing, the US Court of Appeals ruled that as Guantanamo Bay is not sovereign US territory,the men have no constitutional rights. Many of these prisoners appear to have been working in Afghanistan asteachers, engineers or aid workers. If the US government either tried or released them, its embarrassing lackof evidence would be brought to light.
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You would hesitate to describe these prisoners as lucky, unless you knew what had happened to some of theother men captured by the Americans and their allies in Afghanistan. On 21 November 2001, around 8,000 Talibansoldiers and Pashtun civilians surrendered at Konduz to the Northern Alliance commander General Abdul RashidDostum. Many of them have never been seen again. As Jamie Doran's film "Afghan Massacre - Convoy ofDeath" records, some hundreds, possibly thousands, of them were loaded into container lorries atQala-i-Zeini, near the town of Mazar-i-Sharif, on 26 and 27 November.7 The doors were sealed andthe lorries were left to stand in the sun for several days. At length, they departed for Sheberghan prison,120 km away. The prisoners, many of whom were dying of thirst and asphixiation, started banging on the sidesof the trucks. Dostum's men stopped the convoy and machine-gunned the containers. When they arrived atSheberghan, most of the captives were dead.8
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The US special forces running the prison watched the bodies being unloaded. They instructed Dostum's men to"get rid of them before satellite pictures can be taken."9 Doran interviewed a NorthernAlliance soldier guarding the prison. "I was a witness when an American soldier broke one prisoner'sneck. The Americans did whatever they wanted. We had no power to stop them."10 Another soldieralleged, "They took the prisoners outside and beat them up and then returned them to the prison. Butsometimes they were never returned and they disappeared."11
Many of the survivors were loaded back into the containers with the corpses, then driven out to a place inthe desert called Dasht-i-Leili. In the presence of between 30 and 40 US special forces, both the living andthe dead were dumped into ditches. Anyone who moved was shot. The German newspaper Die Zeit investigated theclaims and concluded that "No one doubted that the Americans had taken part. Even at higher levels thereare no doubts on this issue."12 The US group Physicians for Human Rights visited the placesidentified by Doran's witnesses and found that they "all ... contained human remains consistent withtheir designation as possible gravesites."13
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It should not be necessary to point out that hospitality of this kind also contravenes the third Genevaconvention, which prohibits "violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation,cruel treatment and torture", as well as extra-judicial execution. Donald Rumsfeld's department, assistedby a pliant media, has done all it can to suppress Jamie Doran's film,14 while General Dostum hasbegun to assassinate his witnesses.15
It is not hard, therefore, to see why the US government fought first to prevent the establishment of theInternational Criminal Court and then to ensure that its own citizens are not subject to its jurisdiction. Thefive soldiers dragged in front of the cameras yesterday should thank their lucky stars that they are prisonersnot of the American forces fighting for civilisation, but of the "barbaric and inhuman" Iraqis.
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References:
1. Donald Rumsfeld, 23 March 2003. Transcript of CBS Face TheNation. United States Department of Defense.
2. Convention (III), relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
3. These were the conditions in Camp X-Ray. In Camp Delta, to which the prisoners have been moved, most ofthese omissions still appear to apply, and their confinement has become still stricter, though they are nowpermitted to exercise for two 15-minute sessions a week (Katty Kaye, 11 January 2003. No fast track atGuantanamo Bay). The Convention suggests that theyshould be able to exercise freely.
4. Duncan Campbell, 25 January 2003. US interrogators turn to 'torture lite'. The Guardian.
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5. Frank Gardner, 24 August 2002. US bides its time inGuantanamo.
6. Convention (III), as above.
7. Afghan Massacre - Convoy of Death, now available on video from ACFTV, Studio 241, 24-28 St LeonardsRoad, Windsor, SL4 3BB, United Kingdom. All published details checked on March 24th 2003 with Jamie Doran.
8. ibid.
9. ibid.
10. ibid.
11. ibid
12. Giuliana Sgrena and Ulrich Ladurner, Masar-i-Scharif
Während des Afghanistan-Feldzugs gab es in Masar-i-Scharif ein Massaker. Zeugen sagen, US-Soldaten hättendaran mitgewirkt. Ein Beweis ist das noch nicht. Eine Spurensuche. Die Zeit. No date given. The cited textappeared, in translation in: Peter Schwarz, 29 June 2002. Further evidence of a massacre of Talibanprisoners.
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13. Physicians for Human Rights, 2002. Preliminary Assessment of Alleged Mass Gravesites in the Area ofMazar-I-Sharif, Afghanistan, January 16-21 and February 7-14. PHR, Boston and Washington DC.
14. Bill Vann, 12 February 2003. Film exposing Pentagon war crimes premieres in US.
15. Jamie Doran, 24 March 2003, pers comm
