Ishan Kishan smashed a breathtaking 125 off just 79 balls, striking 14 fours and seven sixes before finally departing at 320/3.
The left-hander shared a dominant partnership with captain Shubman Gill, who remained unbeaten on 134 and continued to punish Afghanistan's bowlers.
Kishan's explosive knock powered India into a commanding position, putting the hosts on course for a massive first-innings total in Lucknow.