Without total, timebound disarmament being the motivating factor, the US has an instrumental approach to the CTBT, the approach being to cap India's nuclear programme. Having failed to force India to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Clinton Administration has made no bones about the fact that it wants to use the CTBT and the Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty (FMCT), which is still being negotiated, to achieve its objective of capping India's nuclear programme. In a lecture delivered in early November at Georgetown University, John Holum, director of the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, said that with the US having conducted "well over 1,000 nuclear tests—hundreds more than any other country", it was keen to prevent "tests by others, including rogue states who could derive quantum leaps of capability from even a few tests". He added: "The CTBT will make us grateful that we locked all nations into place on the nuclear learning curve. Our nuclear arsenals have been more than sufficiently tested." The US wanted the FMCT to at least cap the programmes of the threshold states—India, Pakistan and Israel, he noted.