Sixty years ago, the Jews of Europe were at the lowest point of their collective existence. Herded likecattle into trains, they were transported from the rest of Europe by Nazi soldiers into death camps where theywere systematically exterminated in gas ovens. They had offered some resistance in Poland, but in most placesthey first lost their civil status, then they were removed from their jobs, then they were designated officialenemies to be destroyed, and then they were.